|
The Hispanic/Latino naming dispute is an ongoing disagreement over the use of the ethnonyms "Hispanic" and "Latino" to refer collectively to the inhabitants of the United States who are of Latin American or Spanish origin—that is, Hispanic or Latino Americans. The usage of both terms has changed to adapt to a wide range of geographical and historical influences. The term "Hispanic" was used first; later, some Hispanics in the western United States came to prefer the term "Latino." While the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, "Hispanic" is a narrower term which only refers to persons of Spanish-speaking origin or ancestry, while "Latino" is more frequently used to refer more generally to anyone of Latin American origin or ancestry, including Brazilians.〔 〕〔 (Defining "Hispanic" as meaning those with Spanish-speaking roots in the Americas and "Latino" as meaning those with both Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking roots in Latin America.)〕〔 〕〔 〕〔 〕〔 〕〔 〕〔 (【引用サイトリンク】title=AP Stylebook Twitter )〕〔 (【引用サイトリンク】title=Herald Style Guide )〕〔 (【引用サイトリンク】title=Newsroom 101: Recent Changes to AP Style )〕 "Hispanic" thus includes persons from Spain and Spanish-speaking Latin Americans but excludes Brazilians, while "Latino" excludes persons from Spain but includes Spanish-speaking Latin Americans and Brazilians. Because Brazil's population of 191,000,000〔 〕 is several times larger than Spain's population of 47,000,000〔 〕 and because there are more Brazilian-born Americans (325,547 as of 2012) than Spanish-born Americans (88,665 as of 2012)〔(US Census Bureau 2012 American Community Survey B03001 1-Year Estimates SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES ) retrieved September 24, 2013〕 in the United States, "Latino" is a broader term encompassing more people. The choice between the terms among those of Spanish-speaking origin is associated with location: persons of Spanish-speaking origin residing in the eastern United States tend to prefer "Hispanic", whereas those in the west tend to prefer "Latino". "Latino" as a category used in the United States may be understood as a shorthand for the Spanish word ''latinomericano'' or the Portuguese phrase ''latino americano'', thus excluding speakers of Romance languages from Europe.〔 (【引用サイトリンク】title=Hispanic )〕〔 (【引用サイトリンク】title=Latino )〕 Both "Hispanic" and "Latino" are generally used to denote people living in the United States,〔 (【引用サイトリンク】title=The concept of "Latino" is an American concept )〕〔 〕 so that "()utside the United States, we don't speak of Latinos; we speak of Mexicans, Cubans, Puerto Ricans, and so forth."〔 〕〔 〕〔 〕 ==History== The term "Hispanic" was adopted by the United States government in the early 1970s during the administration of Richard Nixon〔(【引用サイトリンク】A Cultural Identity )〕 after the Hispanic members of an interdepartmental Ad Hoc Committee to develop racial and ethnic definitions recommended that a universal term encompassing all Hispanic subgroups—including Central and South Americans—be adopted.〔(Huffington Post: "Latino Or Hispanic? How The Federal Government Decided" By Grace Flores-Hughes ) September 19, 2013〕 As the 1970 census did not include a question on Hispanic origin on all census forms—instead relying on a sample of the population via an extended form ("Is this person's origin or descent: Mexican; Puerto Rican; Cuban; Central or South American; Other Spanish; or None of these"),〔(U.S. Census website: US Census History - 1970 (Population): ) retrieved September 25, 2013〕 the members of the committee wanted a common designation to better track the social and economic progress of the group vis-à-vis the general population.〔 The designation has since been used in local and federal employment, mass media, academia, and business market research. It has been used in the U.S. Census since 1980.〔 〕 Because of the popularity of "Latino" in the western portion of the United States, the government adopted this term as well in 1997, and used it in the 2000 census.〔 Previously, Hispanic and Latino Americans were categorized as "Spanish-Americans", "Spanish-speaking Americans", or "Spanish-surnamed Americans". However: * Although a large majority of Hispanic and Latino Americans have Spanish ancestry, most are not of direct, "from-Spain-to-the-U.S." Spanish descent; many are not primarily of Spanish descent; and some are not of Spanish descent at all. People whose ancestors or who themselves arrived in the United States directly from Spain are a tiny minority of the Hispanic or Latino population (see figures in this article), and there are Hispanic/Latino Americans who are of other European ancestries in addition to Spanish (e.g., Portuguese, Italian, German, and Middle Eastern, such as the Lebanese).〔 Latino denotes "the inclusion of the non-Spanish cultures of Latin America that have contributed immensely to the development and structure of present-day Latino cultural groups. These groups may include people of Latin American descent whose cultural heritage may be African, Asian, American Indian or indigenous, Middle Eastern and/or European."〕 * Most Hispanic and Latino Americans can speak Spanish, but not all, and most Spanish-speaking Americans are Hispanic or Latino, but not all. For example, Hispanic/Latino Americans often do not speak Spanish by the third generation, and some Americans who speak Spanish may not identify themselves with Spanish-speaking Americans as an ethnic group. * Not all Hispanic and Latino Americans have Spanish surnames, and ''most'' Spanish-surnamed Americans are Hispanic or Latino, but not all. Those without Spanish surnames but of Hispanic or Latino origin include politician Bill Richardson, former National Football League (NFL) star Jim Plunkett, and actress Salma Hayek. Filipino Americans, and Pacific Islander Americans of Chamorro (Guamanians and Northern Mariana Islanders), Palauan, Micronesian (FSM), and Marshallese origin often have Spanish surnames, but have their own, non-Hispanic/Latino ethnic identities and origin. Likewise, while many Cajuns and Louisiana Creole people have Spanish surnames, they identify with the mostly French—though partially Spanish—culture of their region. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hispanic–Latino naming dispute」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|